国际货物买卖合同中约定适用“中国法律”是否当然包含CISG？

Does the Agreement to Apply "Chinese law" in a Contract for the International Sale of Goods ipso facto Include CISG?

【问题的引出/Question posed】

     《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》（United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，以下简称CISG）1980年在维也纳批准通过，并于1988年1月1日正式生效，截至目前，共有97个缔约国。我国也是第一批核准加入的缔约国之一，针对国际货物买卖合同，如双方当事人未明确排除CISG的适用，则CISG自动适用。

     The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (hereinafter referred to as CISG) was ratified and adopted in Vienna in 1980 and entered into force on 1 January 1988. Up to now, there are 97 Contracting States. China is also one of the first batch of contracting states to approve accession to the CISG, which applies automatically to contracts for the international sale of goods if the parties do not expressly exclude the application of the CISG.

     然而实务中，当双方在国际货物买卖合同中约定适用“中国法律”，但并未明确排除适用CISG时，关于CISG是否当然适用仍存在争议。本文对CISG在中国的基本适用规则进行介绍，并结合司法实务案例及理论观点，重点剖析了题涉难点问题，以期为从事国际贸易的企业在准据法的约定及适用方面进行风险提示并提供实用建议。

     However, in practice, when both parties agreed to apply "Chinese law" in the contract for the sale of international goods, but did not explicitly exclude the application of the CISG, there is still a controversy as to whether the CISG applies ipso facto. This article introduces the basic rules of application of CISG in China, and focuses on the difficult issues involved in the analysis of the question in combination with judicial practice cases and theoretical views, with a view to providing practical advice and risk tips for enterprises engaged in international trade in respect of the agreement and application of the applicable law.

一、司法实践中存在争议

     I. Controversies in judicial practice

     （一）观点一：法院认为当事人选择适用中国法律且未排除CISG适用的情况，并不当然优先适用CISG。

     (i) Viewpoint 1: The court held that the parties' choice to apply Chinese law and the failure to exclude the application of the CISG did not ipso facto give priority to the application of the CISG.

     【案例1】青岛高德利物流器材有限公司vs.株式会社泰度系统案国际货物买卖合同纠纷再审（案号：（2020）最高法民申2676号）

     [Case 1] Re-trial of the International Sale of Goods Contract Dispute in the Case of Qingdao Gao Deli Logistics Equipment Co. Ltd. vs. Taidu System Co. Ltd. (Case (2020) Supreme Court Min Shen No. 2676)

     1.协议约定/ Agreements

     双方并未在协议中明确约定纠纷适用的准据法，而是在一审庭审中一致同意选择中华人民共和国法律作为本案的准据法。

     The parties did not expressly settle in the agreement on the law applicable to the dispute, but agreed at the trial of first instance to choose the law of the People's Republic of China as the law applicable to the case.

     2.法院观点/ Views of the Court

     本案中当事人双方营业地分别在中国和韩国，均为CISG缔约国成员，在庭审中双方共同选择适用中国法律作为确定其权利义务的准据法，未明确排除CISG的适用。最高人民法院最终认定原审法院适用我国法律而非CISG审理本案，并无不当。本案即使直接适用《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》，亦无法认定泰度公司构成根本违约，因此本案优先适用我国法律抑或优先适用《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》，均不影响双方当事人的实体权利义务。

     In this case, the parties had their places of business in China and Korea respectively, both of which are members of the CISG Contracting States, and in the court hearing, the parties jointly chose to apply Chinese law as the law applicable to the determination of their rights and obligations, without explicitly excluding the application of the CISG. The Supreme People's Court ultimately hold that it was not improper for the People’s court which originally heard the case had applied Chinese law rather than CISG to hear the case. Even if the CISG had been applied directly in this case, it would not have been possible to conclude that Taidu constituted a fundamental breach of contract, and therefore whether Chinese law or the CISG was given priority in this case would not affect the substantive rights and obligations of the parties.

     （二）观点二：法院认为当事人选择适用中国法律且未排除CISG适用的情况，应当优先适用CISG。

     (ii) Viewpoint 2: The court held that where the parties had chosen to apply Chinese law and had not excluded the application of CISG, priority should be given to the application of CISG.

     【案例2】萨拉平克曼公司vs.广东劳特斯企业有限公司国际货物买卖合同纠纷二审（案号：（2018）粤民终1424号）

     [Case 2] Sarapinkman vs. Guangdong Lauters Enterprise Co., Ltd. International Sale of Goods Contract Dispute  in the Second Instance (Case (2018) Yue Min Zhong No. 1424)

     1.协议约定/ Agreements

     本案当事人双方未在协议中约定适用的法律，但在一审中均同意选择适用中国法律作为本案的准据法。

     The parties to this case did not agree on the applicable law in their agreement, but in the trial of first instance they both agreed to choose the applicable Chinese law as the law applicable to the case.

     2.法院观点/ Views of the Court

     广东省高级人民法院认定因当事人的营业地分别在美国和中国，均系CISG缔约国，根据CISG第一条第（1）款a项规定，虽然双方当事人选择适用中国法律，但双方并没有明确排除CISG的适用，故本案应优先适用CISG，如CISG没有规定的，再适用中国相关法律，上诉人的该上诉理由不成立。

     The Guangdong Provincial Higher People's Court held that since the parties' places of business were in the United States and China respectively, both of which were Contracting States of the CISG, and according to Article 1(1)(a) of the CISG, although the parties chose to apply Chinese law, the parties did not expressly exclude the application of the CISG, the case should be prioritised for the application of the CISG, and then for the application of the relevant Chinese law if the CISG did not provide for that, and the Appellants' grounds of appeal are not established.

     可以看出，同样是在协议未明确约定准据法的前提下，双方当事人当庭一致同意选择适用中国法律，但因各地司法机关对CISG的适用存在不同理解，出现了两种截然不同的选择。即使对案件处理结果没有造成实质性影响，但我国司法实践需要在CISG的理解和适用中逐步统一裁判思路，与国际市场稳步接轨，为国际货物交易方提供风险预期和司法保障。

     It can be seen that also on the premise that the agreement did not explicitly agree on the applicable law, both parties agreed in court to choose to apply Chinese law, but due to the different understanding of the application of the CISG by the judicial organs, two very different choices emerged. Even though there is no substantial impact on the outcome of the case, China's judicial practice needs to gradually unify the adjudication thinking in the understanding and application of CISG, to steadily converge with the international market, and to provide risk anticipation and judicial protection for the parties to international goods transactions.

二、法律适用上存在立法空白

     II. Legislative gaps in the application of the law

     （一）CISG适用规则：自动适用与排除规则

     (i) Rules applicable to CISG: automatic application and exclusionary rules

     CISG第一条第（1）款a项规定：本公约适用于营业地在不同国家的当事人之间所订立的货物销售合同：（a）如果这些国家是缔约国，即使双方对于适用公约没有选定，双方争讼的买卖合同也应适用该公约规定，除非双方当事人明确排除该公约的适用。

     Article 1(1)(a) of CISG provides that the Convention  applies  to  contracts  of  sale  of  goods  between  parties  whose  places  of  business  are  in  different  States: (a)  when the States are Contracting States. The provisions of the Convention shall apply to the contract of sale at issue between the parties, even if the parties have not made a choice as to the application of the Convention, unless the parties have expressly excluded the application of the Convention.

     1.自动适用规则/ Automatic application of rules

     根据CISG第一条第（1）款a项，如果双方当事人营业地所在国位于不同缔约国，CISG将“直接地”或“自动地”适用，此谓“自动适用”。

     Pursuant to Article 1(1)(a) CISG applies "directly" or "automatically" if the States in which the parties have their places of business are located in different Contracting States, which is referred to as "automatic application".

     在(2020)沪0115民初42206号案件中，上海浦东新区人民法院认为，原、被告的营业地分属中国和乌拉圭，两国均为CISG缔约国，因双方当事人在本案中并未约定合同的法律适用，且被告在审理中明确表示不同意排除适用CISG，故法院应当适用CISG审理本案。本案中，原、被告的营业地均位于CISG缔约国，且没有约定排除CISG的适用，故应当自动适用CISG而无需根据国际私法规则来确定准据法。

     In (2020) Hu 0115 Min Chu No. 42206, the Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Court held that the plaintiff’s and the defendant's places of business were located in China and Uruguay, both of which were contracting states of the CISG, and that since the parties had not agreed on the law applicable to the contract and the defendant had explicitly expressed its disagreement with the exclusion of the application of the CISG during the trial, the court should apply the CISG to the trial of the case. In this case, both the plaintiff and the defendant had their places of business in Contracting States to the CISG and did not agree to exclude the application of the CISG, so the CISG should be applied automatically without the need to determine the applicable law according to the rules of private international law.

     2.排除适用规则/ Exclusion of applicable rules

     如双方当事人明确排除适用CISG、选择适用一国特定实体法或者选择适用非CISG缔约国法律，根据CISG第6条的规定：“双方当事人可以不适用本公约，或在第十二条的条件下，减损本公约的任何规定或改变其效力”，我国一致认为此种情况下CISG被排除适用。

     If the parties expressly exclude the application of CISG, choose to apply a particular substantive law of a State, or choose to apply the law of a State that is not a party to CISG, pursuant to Article 6 of CISG, which states that "the parties may exclude the application of this Convention or, subject to article 12, derogate from or vary the effect of any of its provisions.," we have unanimous considers that the application of CISG is excluded in such cases.

     在（2019）浙民终944号案中，浙江省高级人民法院认为，本案双方当事人在CISG不同缔约国设有营业地，但双方协议明确约定本协议的解释管辖适用中华人民共和国法律，且不适用CISG，故本案应适用我国法律审理。

     In the case of (2019) Zhe Min Zhong No. 944, the Zhejiang Provincial Higher People's Court held that the parties in this case had their places of business in different Contracting States of the CISG, but the agreement between the parties expressly stipulated that the laws of the People's Republic of China would be applicable to the interpretation and jurisdiction of this agreement and the CISG would not be applicable to it, and therefore this case shall be considered under the laws of China.

     《贸易法委员会关于<联合国国际货物销售合同公约>判例法摘要汇编》认为，只要合同当事人明确选择某一缔约国特定的国内法（如约定适用中国《民法典》），则CISG应被视为默示排除，此种情况下，当事人排除CISG的意图是“明确”的。而在当事人选择非CISG缔约国法律作为准据法时，由于CISG不构成该国的法律渊源，即使未明示排除适用CISG，也产生排除CISG适用的同等法律效力。

     The UNCITRAL Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) considers that CISG should be regarded as impliedly excluded whenever the parties to the contract have expressly opted for a particular national law of a Contracting State (e.g., by agreeing to apply the Chinese Civil Code), and that in such a case, the parties' intention to exclude CISG is "clear". In contrast, where the parties have chosen the law of a non-CISG Contracting State as the applicable law, since CISG does not constitute a source of law in that State, even if the application of CISG has not been expressly excluded, it produces the same legal effect as the exclusion of the application of CISG.

     （二）国内法依据

     (ii) Domestic law basis

     2009年，我国修订《民法通则》，该法第142条规定：“中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约同中华人民共和国的民事法律有不同规定的，适用国际条约的规定，但中华人民共和国声明保留的条款除外。”

     In 2009, China amended the General Principles of Civil Law, article 142 of which stipulates: "Where the provisions of an international treaty which the People's Republic of China has concluded or has acceded to differ from civil laws of the People's Republic of China, the provisions of the international treaty shall apply, with the exception of those articles to which the People's Republic of China has declared its reservation."

     2010年，我国出台《涉外民事关系法律适用法》，其中第2条规定：“涉外民事关系适用的法律，依照本法确定。其他法律对涉外民事关系法律适用另有特别规定的，依照其规定。本法和其他法律对涉外民事关系法律适用没有规定的，适用与该涉外民事关系有最密切联系的法律。”该条对涉外法律关系的准据法规定作出了明确，但未就国际条约的适用问题进行规定。

     In 2010, China promulgated the Law on the Application of Laws to Foreign-related Civil Relations, article 2 of which stipulates: "For laws applicable to civil relations involving foreigners, this Law shall be followed. For special regulations in other laws applicable to civil relations involving foreigners, the relevant regulations shall be followed.

     If there are no regulations related to the application of civil relations involving foreigners in this Law and other laws, the laws that are most closely related to civil relations involving foreigners shall be applied." This article makes clear provisions on the law applicable to foreign-related legal relations, but does not provide for the application of international treaties.

     之后出台的《民法总则》及现行《民法典》均未对该问题进行明确。

     Neither the subsequent General Principles of the Civil Code nor the current Civil Code have clarified this issue.

     （三）CISG是否属于“中国法律”：排除说与包含说

     (iii) Whether CISG belongs to "Chinese law": exclusionary and inclusionary approaches

     1.从法理学的角度来说，CISG属于“中国法律”的法律渊源之一。/  From the point of view of jurisprudence, CISG is one of the legal sources of "Chinese law".

     CISG作为国际条约，应当属于我国法律渊源的一部分。CISG的出台就是为“减少国际贸易的法律障碍，促进国际贸易的发展”而制定的“照顾到不同的社会、经济和法律制度的国际货物销售合同统一规则。”其立法目的就决定了CISG应超越各国国内法而优先使用。根据CISG第1条第1款b项的“间接适用”条款，其内涵仍然是保障CISG的优先适用地位。我国《民法通则》第142条第2款的规定明确肯定了中国缔结或参加的国际条约在审判实践中具有法源地位，且其效力层级高于一般民事法律。但由于目前我国《民法典》并未正面回应这一问题，CISG在我国的适用指引存在立法空白。我们认为，CISG的出现就是为了消除因某一国法律在国际货物买卖纠纷中的倾斜而达成的一套自成一体的体系，作为缔约国共同遵守的法律，符合其适用条件的可直接适用。

     The CISG, as an international treaty, should be part of the sources of law in China, and was introduced to "reduce legal obstacles to international trade and promote the development of international trade" by formulating "uniform rules for contracts for the international sale of goods that take into account different social, economic and legal systems. " Its legislative purpose dictates that the CISG should be used in preference to the domestic law of each country. According to the "indirect application" clause in Article 1(1)(b) of the CISG, its connotation is still to guarantee the priority of application of the CISG. Article 142(2) of the General Principles of Civil Law of China clearly affirms that international treaties concluded or participated by China have the status of source of law in trial practice, and that their level of effectiveness is higher than that of general civil law. However, as the current Civil Code of China does not respond positively to this issue, there is a legislative gap in the guidelines for the application of CISG in China. In our view, the CISG is a self-contained system that was agreed upon in order to eliminate the tilting of the law of a certain country in international disputes over the sale of goods and, as a common law to be observed by the contracting parties, it can be directly applied if it meets the conditions for its application.

     2.排除说：约定适用“中国法律”意味着排除CISG的适用。/ Exclusion: agreeing to apply "Chinese law" means excluding the application of CISG.

     部分法院认为仅笼统模糊地约定适用某一缔约国法律如中国法律，具有排除适用CISG的法律效力，并最终以当事人协议选择的中国法作为准据法。

     Some courts have held that a mere general and vague agreement to apply the law of a Contracting State, such as Chinese law, has the legal effect of precluding the application of the CISG and have ultimately relied on the Chinese law chosen by agreement of the parties as the applicable law.

     如在(2020)最高法民申2676号案中，由于双方当事人协议选择中国法作为本案的准据法，一审法院径行认定中国法作为该案的准据法。在上诉中，上诉人指出一审判决存在法律适用错误，应优先适用CISG。该方还主张，双方当事人在合同中没有选择准据法也未同时明示排除CISG的适用，即便双方在一审庭审中选择中国法作为该案的准据法，也不应发生排除适用CISG的法律效力。再审法院在说理部分强调，无论是适用中国法律还是CISG，均不影响双方当事人的实体权利义务，最终该案经一审、二审到再审，均未认可CISG的优先适用效力。

     For example, in case (2020) Supreme Court Min Shen No. 2676, the court of first instance found Chinese law to be the governing law of the case, as the parties had agreed to choose Chinese law as the governing law of the case. On appeal, the appellant pointed out that the first instance judgement had made an error in the application of the law and should have given priority to the application of CISG, and argued that since the parties had not chosen the applicable law in the contract and had not expressly excluded the application of CISG, even if the parties had chosen the Chinese law as the applicable law of the case at the first instance hearing, it should not have had the legal effect of excluding the application of CISG. In its reasoning, the court of retrial emphasized that neither the application of Chinese law nor CISG would affect the substantive rights and obligations of the parties, and ultimately the case went through the first and second instance and retrial without recognizing the pre-emptive effect of CISG.

     但我们可以看到，本案中法院的分析说理部分是苍白无力的，明显没有正面回应CISG与中国法的竞合适用问题。这似乎也意味着我国部分法院并不认为CISG是中国法律渊源的组成部分，“中国法律”并不包括CISG。

     However, we can see that the analysis and reasoning of the court in this case is pale and weak, and obviously does not respond positively to the issue of the competing application of CISG and Chinese law. This also seems to imply that some courts in China do not consider CISG to be part of the sources of Chinese law, and that "Chinese law" does not include CISG.

     3.包含说：约定适用“中国法律”并未排除CISG的适用。/ Inclusion: The agreement to apply "Chinese law" does not exclude the application of CISG.

     另有部分法院在当事人协议选择适用中国法律且未明确排除CISG适用时，仍然将CISG作为优先适用的准据法予以考虑。

     Some other courts still consider CISG as the applicable law of preference when the parties have chosen to apply Chinese law by agreement and have not explicitly excluded the application of CISG.

     如在(2019)津民终90号案件中，天津市高级人民法院认为，双方当事人在一审、二审庭审中均选择适用中华人民共和国法律，故依照《中华人民共和国涉外民事关系法律适用法》第41条规定，应适用中华人民共和国法律作为相关事项的准据法，但这不意味着当然排除CISG的适用，一审判决在未确定CISG是否应适用于本案的前提下直接适用《中华人民共和国合同法》等我国国内法律存在不当，应予以更正。

     For example, in Case (2019) Jin Min Zhong No. 90, the Tianjin Higher People's Court held that both parties chose to apply the laws of the People's Republic of China in the first and second instance hearings, and therefore, in accordance with Article 41 of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Laws Applicable to Civil Relations Involving Foreign Countries, the laws of the People's Republic of China shall be applied as the law applicable to the relevant matters, but this does not mean that the application of the CISG shall be excluded ipso facto. The judgement of the first instance, without determining whether the CISG should be applied to the case, directly applied the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China and other domestic laws of China, which was improper and should be corrected.

     在最高人民法院发布的指导案例107号案例中（（2013）民四终字第35号），法院认为，当事人约定应当根据美国纽约州当时有效的法律订立、管辖和解释，双方当事人营业地所在国新加坡和德国均为CISG缔约国，且在一审中双方一致选择适用CISG作为确定其权利义务的依据，并未排除CISG的适用，故江苏省高级人民法院适用CISG审理本案是正确的，对于案件中涉及的问题CISG没有规定的，应适用当事人选择的美国纽约州法律。最高院107号案例明确了CISG在我国具有优先适用性，指出了CISG排除适用的认定标准，并指明了CISG未规定事项的法律适用路径。

     In Case No. 107 of the Guidance Cases issued by the Supreme People's Court ((2013) Min Four Zhong Zi No. 35), the court held that the parties agreed that the contract should be entered into, governed and interpreted in accordance with the law of the State of New York of the United States in force at the time, that the countries where the parties have their places of business, Singapore and Germany, are both Contracting States of the CISG, and that the parties unanimously chose to apply the CISG as the basis for determining their rights and obligations in the first instance, which it did not exclude the application of CISG, therefore, the Jiangsu Provincial Higher People's Court was correct to apply CISG to hear the case, and for the issues involved in the case which are not stipulated in CISG, the law of the State of New York of the United States, which was chosen by the parties, shall be applied. Case No. 107 makes it clear that CISG has priority application in China, points out the criteria for determining the exclusion of the application of CISG, and indicates the path of legal application for matters not provided for in CISG.

     4.笔者观点/ Author's view

     笔者倾向于同意“包含说”的观点。我国作为CISG的缔约国，当事人协议选择中国法律作为争议解决的准据法时，如果双方当事人的营业地在不同的缔约国，符合CISG第一条第（1）a项的规定，应当优先适用CISG。

     The author tends to agree with the viewpoint of "inclusion". As a Contracting State of the CISG, when the parties agree to choose Chinese law as the applicable law for dispute settlement, if the places of business of the parties are in different Contracting States, in accordance with the provisions of Article 1(1)(a) of the CISG, the CISG shall be applied in preference.

     清华大学法学院韩世远教授在《CISG在中国国际商事仲裁中的适用》一文中指出，目前的主流意见认为，除非当事人特别明确地指示了某国国内的买卖法，否则仅指示某缔约国的法律，则应认为包括CISG。CISG是经中国核准加入的国际条约，其在符合适用条件的情况下具有优先于一般国内民事法律的待遇。

     Professor Han Shiyuan of Tsinghua University Law School pointed out in his article The Application of CISG in International Commercial Arbitration in China that the prevailing view is that unless the parties specifically and explicitly instructed on a country's domestic law of sale, merely instructing on the law of a Contracting State should be considered to include the CISG. The CISG is an international treaty approved by China for accession to, and has priority over general domestic civil law, if the conditions for its application are met. The CISG is an international treaty approved by China, which, subject to the conditions of applicability, has priority treatment over general domestic civil law.

     如前所述，如当事人明确约定CISG缔约国的某一特定国内法（如约定适用中国《民法典》），由于《民法典》与CISG是两部完全独立的法律，因此也可以认为默示排除了CISG的适用。特别需要注意的则是本文提及的这种情况，双方当事人仅约定适用“中国法律”但并未明确适用哪部法律的，双方又不能对是否排除CISG的适用达成一致意见的，则法律的适用就会产生争议。

     As mentioned above, if the parties have expressly agreed on a particular domestic law of the law of a CISG Contracting State (e.g., by agreeing on the application of China's Civil Code), the application of CISG may also be considered to be implicitly excluded because the Civil Code and CISG are two completely independent laws. Particular attention should be paid to the situation mentioned in this article, where the parties have only agreed to apply "Chinese law" but have not specified which law is to be applied, and the parties are unable to agree on whether or not to exclude the application of the CISG, then the application of the law will be in dispute.

三、给企业的合规意见

III. Compliance advice to enterprises

     我国企业的对外贸易活动非常活跃，很多企业在与国外客户或合作伙伴签署合同时，通常会将更多精力放在商务条款上，未聘请专业的涉外律师对合同进行全面审核；或是虽有律师审核，但仍是基于国内法律的概念仅对合同的权利义务条款进行审查，却往往忽视了法律适用、争议解决等看似“不重要”的条款；或是在修改条款时仅仅将国外法律简单地修改为“中国法律”，约定不清晰。

     China's enterprises are very active in foreign trade activities, many enterprises in signing contracts with foreign customers or partners, usually focus more on business terms, not to hire professional foreign lawyers to conduct a comprehensive review of the contract; or although there are lawyers to review, but still based on the concept of the domestic law of the contract rights and obligations of the provisions of the review, but often ignore the application of the law, dispute resolution and other seemingly "unimportant" provisions; or when amending the terms of the foreign law simply modified to "Chinese law", the agreement is not clear.

     对于中国企业来说，应当在准确理解CISG的基础上，选择是否适用CISG作为国际货物买卖合同的准据法。如认为适用CISG更有利，那在合同中应尽量以具体、准确、没有歧义的语言约定适用CISG，同理，如要排除CISG的适用，则应尽可能明示排除。在这一过程中，如有必要可寻求涉外律师的专业法律支持，避免后续产生纠纷。

     For Chinese enterprises, the choice of whether or not to apply CISG as the law applicable to the contract for the international sale of goods should be made on the basis of an accurate understanding of CISG. If the application of CISG is considered more favourable, then the contract should try to agree on the application of CISG in specific, precise and unambiguous language, and similarly, if the application of CISG is to be excluded, it should be excluded expressly as far as possible. In this process, if necessary, professional legal support from foreign lawyers can be sought to avoid subsequent disputes.

     比如，若企业不希望合同适用CISG，而是希望适用我们更为熟悉的中国法律。可参考适用以下条款：“本协议应受中国法律管辖并按其解释，不适用任何法律冲突规则或法律管辖的选择规则，《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的应用被明确排除。”

     For example, if a company does not want the CISG to apply to the contract, but wants to apply Chinese law, which we are more familiar with. The following clauses can be applied by reference: “This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the China and shall not be governed by the conflict of law rules or choice of law rules of any jurisdiction or the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, the application of which is expressly excluded.”

1.王海峰、张丝路：《<联合国国际货物销售合同公约>在中国法院的适用》，《人民司法》2021年第31期。

2.韩世远：《CISG在中国国际商事仲裁中的适用》，《中国法学》2016年第5期。

3.赵建文：《国际条约在中国法律体系中的地位》，《法学研究》2010年第6期。

4.王勇：《条约在中国适用之基本理论问题研究》，北京大学出版社2007年版。

5.陈治东、吴佳华：《论〈联合国国际货物销售合同公约〉在中国的适用——兼评我国〈民法通则〉第142条》，《法学》2004年第10期。

作者简介

     张迪律师，毕业于北京大学法律硕士专业，现为泰和泰数字经济法律中心次负责人（汽车数据合规）、泰和泰（南京）律师事务所跨境投资与贸易业务部、汽车产业合规业务部负责人。张迪律师曾任职于知名世界500强福特汽车公司及独角兽科技新能源汽车初创公司，其深度的行业背景使其能够更好地理解业务需求并提供优质的法律服务，目前担任多家汽车相关企业的法律顾问，并荣登LEGALBAND2023年度中国律师特别推荐榜15强“汽车与制造”奖项、南京市律协评选2020-2022年度优秀涉外业务律师奖项。张迪律师能够以中文及英文作为工作语言。张迪律师具备中国及美国加州律师执业资格。

     谭芳律师具有国际贸易和法学双重学历背景，硕士毕业于南京大学法学院，现为泰和泰（南京）律师事务所业务培训委员会秘书、跨境投资与贸易业务部成员兼部门秘书。曾为多家客户单位提供涉外法律服务，出具中英文的法律意见书等，专注于国际贸易、跨国婚姻法律服务。谭芳律师拥有商务英语中/高级资质证书，能够以中英文作为工作语言。实习生刘羽萌对本文亦有贡献。

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