随着中国在国际舞台上领导力的日益提升，我国正吸引着越来越多的外籍人士来华工作；同时，基于进一步提升国际竞争力、增进综合国力的需要，我国也亟需吸引外籍人才，促进中外经贸合作与文化交流。其中，从法律角度来看，外国人来华工作的相关政策文件存在诸多注意事项。本文将具体结合外国人来华工作的情形进行指引、解读。

     As China's global influence continues to rise, it is increasingly drawing in a diverse pool of expatriates to contribute to its growth. Simultaneously, recognizing the imperative to bolster international competitiveness and enhance comprehensive national power, China is actively seeking to attract foreign talents, fostering collaboration in trade, and enriching cultural exchanges. From a legal standpoint, navigating the policies governing the employment of foreign nationals in China requires careful consideration of various aspects. This article aims to provide practical guidance and insights specifically tailored for foreigners coming to work in Nanjing.

     1.外国人来华工作需要办理何种证照？

     对于来华工作90日以上（不含90日）的     外籍人士，在线申请《中华人民共和国外国人工作许可通知》，并在入境后统一申办《中华人民共和国外国人工作许可证》；对于来华工作90日以内（含90日）的外籍人士，申请（短期）外国人来华工作许可或外国专家来华邀请函即可。

     1.Which permits do foreigners need for working in China?

     For foreigners with more than 90 working days in China, a Foreigner’s Work Permit Noticeshould be applied online and a “Foreigner Work Permit” should be applied upon entry.For foreigners with 90 working days in China and below, a Short-Term Permit or an Invitation Letter for Foreign Experts in China would suffice.

     2.外国人来华工作需满足何种条件？

     a)用人单位基本条件

     1.依法设立，无严重违法失信记录；聘用外国人从事的岗位应是有特殊需要，国内暂缺适当人选，且不违反国家有关规定的岗位；支付所聘用外国人的工资、薪金不得低于当地最低工资标准。

     2.法律法规规定应由行业主管部门前置审批的，需经过批准。

     b)申请人基本条件

     1.应年满18周岁，身体健康，无犯罪记录，境内有确定的用人单位，具有从事其工作所必需的专业技能或相适应的知识水平。

     2.所从事的工作符合我国经济社会发展需要，为国内急需紧缺的专业人员。

     3.法律法规对外国人来华工作另有规定的，从其规定。

     2.Which examination subjects and application conditions are applicable to the Foreigner’s Work Permit in China?

     a)Basic conditions for the employer:

     1.The employer must be established in accordance with the law, without any record of serious law-breaking and dishonesty. The post to be filled in by a foreigner shall be the one with special needs and temporarily short of appropriate candidates among Chinese nationals. In addition, it shall not be in contravention of the relevant national regulations. The salary and remunerations to be paid to a foreigner shall be no less than the minimum local salary standard.

     2.The post subject to the review and approval by the competent authorities in the industry pursuant to the laws and regulations shall be approved.

     b)Basic conditions for the applicant:

     1.The applicant shall be at least 18 years old, healthy, without any criminal record, confirmed by a domestic employer, and with the professional skills or appropriate knowledge required by the job.

     2.The applicant shall be an urgently-needed professional whose job is consistent with the demand of economic and social development of China.3.If applicable laws and regulations specially provides for the foreigners working in China, such special provisions shall apply.

     3.外国人来华工作分类标准是什么？

     来华工作外国人分为A、B、C三类。其中，外国高端人才（A类）无数量限制；外国专业人才（B类）根据市场需求限制；其他外国人员（C类）数量限制按国家有关规定执行。

     外国高端人才（A类）是指符合“高精尖缺”和市场需求导向，中国经济社会发展需要的科学家、科技领军人才、国际企业家、专门特殊人才等，符合以下条件之一的。主要包括：①入选国内人才引进计划的；②符合国际公认的专业成就认定标准的；③符合市场导向的鼓励类岗位需求的外国人才；④创新创业人才；⑤优秀青年人才；⑥计点积分在85分以上的。外国高端人才可不受年龄和工作经历的限制。

     外国专业人才（B类）是指符合外国人来华工作指导目录和岗位需求，属于中国经济社会事业发展急需的外国专业人才，符合以下条件之一的。主要包括：①具有学士及以上学位和2年及以上相关工作经历，且年龄不超过60周岁的外国专业人才。②持有国际通用职业技能资格证书或急需紧缺的技能型人才。③外国语言教学人员。④平均工资收入不低于本地区上年度社会平均工资收入4倍的外籍人才。⑤符合国家有关部门规定的专门人员和实施项目的人员。⑥计点积分在60分以上的专业人员。

     其他外国人员（C类）是指满足国内劳动力市场需求，符合国家政策规定的其他外国人员。主要包括：①符合现行外国人在中国工作管理规定的外国人员；②从事临时性、短期性（不超过90日）工作的外国人员；③实施配额制管理的人员，包括根据政府间协议来华实习的外国青年、符合规定条件的外国留学生和境外高校外籍毕业生、远洋捕捞等特殊领域工作的外国人等。

     3. What are the standards for classification of foreigners working in China?

     Foreigners working in China are divided into three categories, Category A, Category B and Category C. For the Foreign High-end Talents (Category A), there is not quantity limit; for the Foreign Professional Talents (Category B), the quantity limit is set according to the market demand; for the Other Foreign Personnel (Category C), the quantity limit is set subject to relevant national regulations.

     Foreign High-end Talents (Category A), encompasses scientists, leading figures in science and technology, international entrepreneurs, and special talents who possess advanced qualifications, exemplary skills, and are at the forefront of specific fields. These individuals are deemed “urgently-needed” and align with the market demand orientation as well as the economic and social development requirements of China. Eligibility for this category requires meeting one of the following conditions: ①Inclusion in the domestic talent introduction plan. ②Meeting internationally recognized standards for professional achievements. ③Fulfilling market-oriented encouragement post demands. ④Being innovative and entrepreneurial talents. ⑤Demonstrating excellence as youth talents. ⑥With a point-based score of more than 85 points. Foreign High-end Talents are not subject to age or work experience restrictions.

     Foreign Professional Talents (Category B) includes individuals who align with the guidelines outlined in the directory for foreigners working in China, meeting specific job requirements that are crucial for the economic and social development of China. This category encompasses the following conditions: ①Foreign professional talents holding a bachelor’s degree or higher, possessing at least 2 years of relevant work experience, and being under the age of 60. ②Skilled professionals with an international occupational skill qualification certificate or those recognized as urgently-needed skilled talents. ③Foreign language teaching staff. ④Foreign talents earning an average wage income not less than 4 times the regional social average wage income of the previous year. ⑤Special personnel and project implementation personnel in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State. ⑥With a point-based score of more than 60 points.

     Other foreign personnel who meet the needs of the domestic labor market and comply with national policies are identified as category C, mainly including: ①Foreigners who meet the current regulations on the administration of foreigners working in China; ②Engaged in temporary and short-term (no more than 90 days) foreign personnel working; ③ Personnel who implement quota system management, including those who come to China according to intergovernmental agreements, foreign youths studying abroad, foreign students who meet the prescribed conditions, and foreign graduates from overseas universities Foreigners who work in special fields such as living and ocean fishing.

Source: OIOLAW

     4.《外国人来华工作许可证》如何办理？

     申请人在网上申请并提供材料后，受理机关完成预审，后续完成材料审查并通过后，申请人在线打印《中华人民共和国外国人工作许可通知》。申请人入境后15日内网上申领工作许可证并提交纸质材料（入选国内相关人才计划的，无需提供纸质材料）。经审批通过的，作出许可决定，通知现场领取《中华人民共和国外国人工作许可证》。

     具体流程如下：

图片来源：外国人来华工作管理服务系统

     其中，审查材料具体包含申请人所持签证或有效居留证件、随行家属相关证明材料、体检证明、申请人6个月内正面免冠照片、申请人护照或国际旅行证件、聘用合同或任职证明（包括跨国公司派遣函）、无犯罪记录证明、最高学位（学历）证书或相关批准文书/职业资格证明、工作资历证明、外国人来华工作许可申请表等。相关表格可于江苏政务服务平台官网-外国人来华工作许可获取，部分纸质材料须准备原件与复印件。

     4.How to apply for a “Foreigner Work Permit”?

     After submitting one’s materials online and passing the review, applicants should print out their Foreigner’s Work Permit Notice online. Within 15 days of their entry, applicants shall apply for a work permit online and submit their paper-based materials. Applicants identified as candidates of a national talent program do not have to submit paper-based materials. Those who pass the review receive a decision on granting the permit and are notified of collecting their Foreigner Work Permit at the designated location.

Source: Service System for Foreigners Working in China

     To be specific, “materials” include the applicant’s visa (Z or R) or valid residence permit, documents related to accompanying family members, a medical certificate, the applicant’s frontal bareheaded photo within 6 months, the applicant’s passport or international travel document, employment contract or employment certificate (including dispatch letter from multinational companies), Certificate of Good Conduct, highest degree (academic) certificate or relevant approval documents/ professional qualification certificate, proof of work qualifications, and an application form for foreigners to work in China. Forms aforementioned can be accessed at http://nj.jszwfw.gov.cn/jszwfw/bscx/itemlist/bszn.do?webId=2&iddept_yw_inf=11320100MB0472200W300010600400001&ql_kind=01&iddept_ql_inf=11320100MB0472200W3000106004000 , and for some of the paper-based materials, both the original document and its copy are needed.

     5.《（短期）外国人来华工作许可》《外国专家来华邀请函》如何办理？

     申请人网上申请并提供材料后，受理机关进行预审及受理。在线审查通过的，作出许可决定，在线打印《外国人工作许可通知》（来华工作 90日以下，含 90 日）；纸质外国专家来华邀请函至签发部门领取。

图片来源：外国人来华工作管理服务系统

     其中，审查材料具体包括外国人来华工作许可或外国专家来华邀请函申请表、工作合同/项目合同/合作协议或邀请单位邀请说明、申请人护照或国际旅行证件。

     5.How to apply for a Short-Term Permit or an Invitation Letter for Foreign Experts in China?

     After submitting one’s materials online and passing the review, applicants should print out their Foreigner’s Work Permit Notice (with 90 working days in China and below) online. The paper-based invitation letter should be collected at the issuing office.

     To be specific, “materials” include Application Form for Foreigner Work Permit in China or Invitation Letter for Foreign Experts to Come to China, description of work contract, project contract, cooperation agreement or invitation to invite units, and the applicant’s passport or international travel document.

     6. 用人单位聘请外籍人士来华的手续包括哪些？

     （1）外籍人士入境前，用人单位需为其向市外国专家局申办《中华人民共和国外国人工作许可通知》。

     （2）外籍人士凭《中华人民共和国外国人工作许可通知》及其他所需材料向我国驻外使领馆申请Z字签证。

     （3）外籍人士凭Z字签证入境后15日内，单位需为其向市外国专家局申办《中华人民共和国外国人工作许可证》。

     （4）外籍人士凭Z字签证入境后30日内，单位需为其向市公安出入境部门申办工作居留许可。

     6.What are the procedures to employ foreign nationals?

     (1)Prior to the entry of foreign nationals, the employing entity is required to apply for the Foreigner’s Work Permit Notice from the municipal Foreign Experts Bureau.

     (2)With the Foreigner’s Work Permit Notice and other necessary documents, foreign nationals are to apply for the Z-type visa at the Chinese embassy or consulate abroad.

     (3)Within 15 days of entering with the Z-type visa, the employing entity must apply for the Foreigner Work Permit on behalf of the foreign national from the municipal Foreign Experts Bureau.

     (4)Within 30 days of entry with the Z-type visa, the employing entity must apply for the work residence permit from the municipal Public Security Entry and Exit Department on behalf of the foreign national.

     7. 外籍人士未按规定取得相关证件在华工作，会产生何种法律后果？

     《中华人民共和国出境入境管理法》第四十三条规定，外国人有下列行为之一的，属于非法就业：

     （一）未按照规定取得工作许可和工作类居留证件在中国境内工作的；

     （二）超出工作许可限定范围在中国境内工作的；

     （三）外国留学生违反勤工助学管理规定，超出规定的岗位范围或者时限在中国境内工作的。

     根据《出境入境管理法》第八十条第一款、第六十二条第一款、第六十二条第三款的有关规定，对于未获得合法工作许可而擅自工作的外籍人士，将面临罚款、拘留、遣送出境等处罚措施。

     第八十条　外国人非法就业的，处五千元以上二万元以下罚款；情节严重的，处五日以上十五日以下拘留，并处五千元以上二万元以下罚款。……

     第六十二条　外国人有下列情形之一的，可以遣送出境：

     （一）被处限期出境，未在规定期限内离境的；

     （二）有不准入境情形的；

     （三）非法居留、非法就业的；

     （四）违反本法或者其他法律、行政法规需要遣送出境的。

      ……

      被遣送出境的人员，自被遣送出境之日起一至五年内不准入境。

     7.What legal consequences will foreign nationals face for working within China without the required permits?

     According to Article 43 of Exit-Entry Administration Law of the People's Republic of China,Under any of the following circumstances, a foreign national is working illegally:

      (1) Working within China without obtaining a work permit and a residence permit of the work type as required; 

     (2) Working within China beyond the scope specified in a work permit; or

      (3) Working within China beyond the prescribed scope of jobs or period in violation of rules for the administration of work-study foreign students, if the foreign national is a foreign student.

     Pursuant to paragraph 1 of Article 80 and paragraphs 1, 3 of Article 62, foreign nationals who are employed without a legal permit shall be subject to fines, detainment or repatriation.

     Article 80 A foreign national who is illegally employed shall be fined not less than 5,000 yuan but not more than 20,000 yuan; or if the circumstances are serious, shall be detained for not less than five days but not more than 15 days and be fined not less than 5,000 yuan but not more than 20,000 yuan concurrently. …

     Article 62 Under any of the following circumstances, a foreign national may be repatriated:

     (1) The foreign national is ordered to exit China within a prescribed time limit but fails to do so;

     (2) The foreign national is a person prohibited from entering China;

     (3)The foreign national commits illegal residence or illegal employment; or

     (4) The foreign national needs to be repatriated for any violation of this Law or any other law or administrative regulation

     .…

     Repatriated persons may not enter China within one to five years from the day of repatriation.

     8.用人单位聘用未取得相关证件的外国人，会产生何种法律后果？

     《中华人民共和国出境入境管理法》第四十一条规定，外国人在中国境内工作，应当按照规定取得工作许可和工作类居留证件。任何单位和个人不得聘用未取得工作许可和工作类居留证件的外国人。

     根据《出境入境管理法》第八十条第二款、第八十条第三款，对于介绍外国人非法就业的，以及非法聘用外国人的，将处以罚款，并没收违法所得。

     第八十条　……

     介绍外国人非法就业的，对个人处每非法介绍一人五千元，总额不超过五万元的罚款；对单位处每非法介绍一人五千元，总额不超过十万元的罚款；有违法所得的，没收违法所得。

     非法聘用外国人的，处每非法聘用一人一万元，总额不超过十万元的罚款；有违法所得的，没收违法所得。

     8.What legal consequences will entities and individuals face for employing foreign nationals without the required permits? 

     According to Article 41 of Exit-Entry Administration Law of the People's Republic of China,To work within China, foreign nationals shall obtain a work permit and a residence permit of the work type according to legal provisions. No entity or individual shall employ foreign nationals who have not obtained a work permit and a residence permit of the work type.

     Pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 80, individuals and entities who provide reference for illegal employment and who illegally employs foreign nationals shall be subject to fines and confiscation.

     Article 80 …

     An individual who provides reference for illegal employment of foreign nationals shall be fined 5,000 yuan for each illegal reference but not more than 50,000 yuan in total; an entity which provides reference for illegal employment of foreign nationals shall be fined 5,000 yuan for each illegal reference but not more than 100,000 yuan in total; and any illegal income shall be confiscated.

     Whoever illegally employs foreign nationals shall be fined 10,000 yuan for each illegal employment but not more than 100,000 yuan in total; and any illegal income shall be confiscated.

     9. 外国人在华工作，享有何种劳动者权利？

     外国人在华就业的权利受《外国人在中国就业管理规定》保护，

     第二十二条　在中国就业的外国人的工作时间、休息、休假劳动安全卫生以及社会保险按国家有关规定执行。

     第二十五条　用人单位与被聘用的外国人发生劳动争议，应按照《中华人民共和国劳动法》和《中华人民共和国企业劳动争议调解仲裁法》处理。

     另，根据《北京市人力资源和社会保障局发布2018年北京市劳动人事争议仲裁十大典型案例之九：玛丽与某外资科技公司劳动争议纠纷案》《扬州中院发布劳动争议十大典型案例之九：Mr.W与某机械公司劳动争议纠纷案》等仲裁与司法案例，被聘用的外国人有权参加我国社会保险，且用人单位与外国人解除劳动合同时，单位需要支付经济补偿金。外国人在我国境内合法就业即可享有与中国公民同等参加社会保险和享受社会保险待遇的合法权益。

     9.What kind of labor rights do foreign nationals enjoy when working in China?

     The rights of foreign nationals employed in China are protected by Provisions on the Administration of the Employment of Foreigners in China，

     Article 22 Working hours, rests, holidays and leaves, labor safety and sanitation, and social insurance for foreigners employed in China shall be governed by the relevant provisions issued by the state.

     Article 25 Labor disputes between employers and the foreigners employed by them shall be handled in accordance with the Labor Law of the People's Republic of China and the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Mediation and Arbitration of Labor Disputes of Enterprises.

     In addition, according to the arbitration and judicial cases such as “Nine of the Top Ten Typical Cases of Labor and Personnel Dispute Arbitration in Beijing in 2018 Issued by the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Human Resources and Social Security: the Case of Labor Dispute Between Mary and a Foreign-funded Science and Technology Company” and “Yangzhou Intermediate People's Court Releases the Ninth of Ten Typical Cases of Labor Disputes: Labor Dispute between Mr.W and a Machinery Company”, foreign nationals being employed have the right to participate in the country's social insurance, and when a foreigner terminates a labor contract with an employer, the employer is required to pay economic compensation. When a foreigner is legally employed in China, he or she enjoys the same rights and interests as Chinese citizens to participate in social insurance and enjoy social insurance treatment.

     10.在南京具体如何办理相关业务？

     在南京，外籍人士应前往江苏省南京市江东中路265号南京市政务服务中心一楼A314、A315窗口（一楼公安办证大厅内）递交纸质材料等。该窗口于工作日上午9：00-12：00、下午13:30到17:30开放，法定节假日除外。

     10.How to apply for the permit in Nanjing?

     In Nanjing, foreign nationals should visit Windows A314 and A315 on the first floor of Nanjing Municipal Government Service Center at 265 Jiangdong Middle Road (inside the Public Security Certificate Office on the first floor) to submit hard copy documents. These windows are open on weekdays from 9:00 AM to 12:00 PM and 1:30 PM to 5:30 PM, excluding statutory holidays.

     For any further inquiry, you can contact 025-68505314 or 025-68505315.

     若有疑问，可拨打025-68505314、025-68505315进行咨询。

     以上信息来源：

     a)《关于印发外国人来华工作许可服务指南（暂行）的通知》（外专发[2017]36号

https://fuwu.most.gov.cn/lhgzweb/attached/file/20220402/a78c3a78-2ea4-46a1-87b3-dd1791970546.pdf；

      b)《国家外国专家局、人力资源社会保障部、外交部、公安部关于全面实施外国人来华工作许可制度的通知》（外专发[2017]40号）https://fuwu.most.gov.cn/r/cms/zwpt/web/pdf/wgrlhzq/781499dc-89d1-4027-a052-f3a207d5bc9c.pdf；

     c) 江苏政务服务平台官网-外国人来华工作许可https://nj.jszwfw.gov.cn/jszwfw/bscx/itemlist/bszn.do?webId=2&iddept_yw_inf=11320100MB0472200W300010600400001&ql_kind=01&iddept_ql_inf=11320100MB0472200W3000106004000；

     d)外国人来华工作管理服务系统https://fuwu.most.gov.cn/html/fwsx/wgrlhzq/；

     e)《中华人民共和国出境入境管理法》https://www.nia.gov.cn/n794014/n1050181/n1050479/c1013311/content.html；

     f)《北京市人力资源和社会保障局发布2018年北京市劳动人事争议仲裁十大典型案例之九：玛丽与某外资科技公司劳动争议纠纷案》；

     g)《SHENGMINGHUI与上海申和热磁电子有限公司民事二审案件民事判决书》。

     Sources:

     1.Service Guide to the Foreigner's Work Permit in China (for Trial Implementation), https://fuwu.most.gov.cn/lhgzweb/attached/file/20220402/a78c3a78-2ea4-46a1-87b3-dd1791970546.pdf；

     2.Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry of Public Security on Comprehensively Implementing the Work Permit System for Foreigners in China https://fuwu.most.gov.cn/r/cms/zwpt/web/pdf/wgrlhzq/781499dc-89d1-4027-a052-f3a207d5bc9c.pdf；

     3.The official website of Jiangsu Government Service Platform – Foreigner Work Permit https://nj.jszwfw.gov.cn/jszwfw/bscx/itemlist/bszn.do?webId=2&iddept_yw_inf=11320100MB0472200W300010600400001&ql_kind=01&iddept_ql_inf=11320100MB0472200W3000106004000；

     4.Service System for Foreigners Working in China https://fuwu.most.gov.cn/html/fwsx/wgrlhzq/;

     5. Exit-Entry Administration Law of the People's Republic of China https://www.nia.gov.cn/n794014/n1050181/n1050479/c1013311/content.html;

     6.https://www.oiolaw.com/service-guide-for-foreigners-to-work-permit-in-china-provisional/

     7.“Nine of the Top Ten Typical Cases of Labor and Personnel Dispute Arbitration in Beijing in 2018 Issued by the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Human Resources and Social Security: the Case of Labor Dispute Between Mary and a Foreign-funded Science and Technology Company”;

     8.“Yangzhou Intermediate People's Court Releases the Ninth of Ten Typical Cases of Labor Disputes: Labor Dispute between Mr.W and a Machinery Company”.

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